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Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar (UNS S32304 / 1.4362) is a lean duplex grade with about 23% chromium and 4% nickel. It offers corrosion resistance similar to 316L in many media, about twice the yield strength of austenitic grades and good stress corrosion resistance. It is used for shafts, pumps, valves and structural parts.

➡️ Duplex 2304 | UNS S32304 | EN 1.4362 | X2CrNiN23-4

➡️ ASTM, EN, JIS & International Standards

➡️ Supply Conditions

➡️ Multiple Diameters & Supply Lengths

➡️ Global Export & International Delivery

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Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar - Euro Steel Bars

Country of Origin:

Europe, Japan, USA

Material Type:

Stainless Steel

UNS Number:

S32304

Wr. No.:

1.4362

MTC Available:

EN 10204 3.1

Product Description for Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar is a lean duplex bar made to UNS S32304, known in Europe as 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4). It contains about 21.5–24.5% chromium, 3.0–5.5% nickel and a controlled nitrogen addition, with only small amounts of molybdenum and copper. The structure is a balanced mix of ferrite and austenite.

The high chromium level gives corrosion resistance similar to 316L in many environments, even though molybdenum is low. The duplex structure gives about twice the yield strength of standard austenitic grades and good resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking.

Grade 2304 was one of the first lean duplex grades and is widely used as a stronger, cost-effective alternative to 304L and 316L. It welds well with suitable duplex filler metals and keeps its balanced structure when welding procedures are followed.

2304 bar is ordered as UNS S32304 to ASTM A479 or as 1.4362 to EN 10088-3, in the solution-annealed condition. Forms include hot-rolled, forged, peeled, turned and ground bars. Its ferrite phase makes 2304 magnetic, and it cannot be hardened by quenching.

Common uses include shafts, pump and valve parts, structural members, heat exchanger parts, water and wastewater equipment, pulp and paper parts, and components for storage tanks and bridges. It is chosen where higher strength, good stress corrosion resistance and moderate cost are all important. For strong chloride or high-temperature service, higher-alloyed grades such as 2205 may be needed. It is also a lower-cost substitute for 316L in water treatment and storage tank parts. In pulp and paper plants, 2304 is used for digester parts, shafts and fasteners where chloride stress corrosion has damaged 304L. Water and wastewater plants also use it for weir plates, rakes and fixings.

Common Applications of Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

➡️ Machined shafts, spindles, valve stems, pump sleeves and pins for food, beverage, dairy and pharmaceutical equipment, where the passive chromium oxide film resists both product acids and caustic clean-in-place chemicals.

➡️ Fasteners, studs, bolts, threaded rod and anchor components produced from bar stock, chosen for corrosion resistance combined with the ductility needed for cold heading and thread rolling.

➡️ Chemical, water treatment and general process plant parts such as agitator shafts, flange blanks, nozzles and support components handling water, steam and mildly corrosive media free of significant chlorides.

➡️ Architectural and structural hardware including handrail stanchions, balustrade fittings, tension rods and bollards, where a bright ground or polished bar finish provides both appearance and low maintenance.

International Equivalent Grade for Duplex 2304 Round Bar

Standard

Country / Region

Grade

UNS

USA

UNS S32304

ASTM / ASME

USA

ASTM A276 / A479 (Grade S32304)

EN 10088-3

Europe

EN 1.4362 (X2CrNiN23-4)

GB/T 1220

China

022Cr23Ni4MoN / 022Cr23Ni4N

JIS

Japan

SUS 329J3L

KS

South Korea

STS 329J3L

AFNOR

France

Z2CN23-04 Az

SS

Sweden

SS 2327 / SAF 2304

ISO 15510

International

X2CrNiN23-4

Table of Contents

Technical Specification for Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Specification

Value

Unit

Material

Stainless steel (duplex)

-

Grade

2304 / UNS S32304 / 1.4362

-

Standard

ASTM A479 / A479M, EN 10088-3

-

Product Form

Round bar

-

Diameter (supply range)

10–300

mm

Length (random)

3–6

m

Manufacturing Process

Hot rolled or forged, then solution annealed

-

Surface Finish

Pickled, peeled, turned, centreless ground or polished

-

Heat Treatment / Delivery Condition

Solution annealed and rapidly cooled

-

Tolerance Standard

ASTM A484 / EN 10060 / EN 10278

-

Density

7.8

g/cm³

Thermal Conductivity at 20°C

15

W/m·K

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 20–100°C

13.0

µm/m·K

Specific Heat at 20°C

500

J/kg·K

Electrical Resistivity at 20°C

0.80

µΩ·m

Modulus of Elasticity at 20°C

200

GPa

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic (duplex ferrite-austenite structure)

-

Testing / Inspection

Chemical analysis, tensile, hardness, ferrite content, optional ASTM A923 / impact / UT / PMI

-

Certification

EN 10204 3.1 (3.2 on request), NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 where specified

-

Technical Specifications​ Icon

Technical Specifications

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Duplex 2304 Round Bar is ordered to ASTM A479 / A479M with general requirements from ASTM A484, or to EN 10088-3 as 1.4362 in the solution-annealed (+AT) condition.

Bars are hot rolled or forged and then solution annealed at about 950–1050°C followed by rapid cooling. This gives the balanced ferrite-austenite structure needed for strength, toughness and corrosion resistance. Strength in 2304 comes from its duplex structure and nitrogen, not from heat treatment.

Long exposure in the range of about 300–950°C should be avoided because it can form brittle phases and reduce corrosion resistance. Testing to ASTM A923, ferrite measurement and impact testing can be ordered to confirm correct processing.

The physical values for 2304 are reference data, and its thermal expansion is lower than 316L, which helps in heat exchangers. The grade is magnetic. Standard inspection covers heat analysis, tensile, hardness and dimensional checks, with optional UT, PMI and third-party inspection. Size tolerances for 2304 bar follow ASTM A484 in the USA and EN 10060 or EN 10278 in Europe.

Duplex 2304 bar is solution annealed at about 950–1050°C and water quenched to keep a balanced ferrite-austenite structure. For code-regulated or critical parts, specify a ferrite range and Charpy impact tests at the design temperature. Tolerances follow ASTM A484 for American orders or EN 10060 and EN 10278 for European orders, and bright bars are commonly supplied to h9-h11.

Chemical Composition for Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Element

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

Carbon

C

-

0.030

%

Manganese

Mn

-

2.50

%

Silicon

Si

-

1.00

%

Phosphorus

P

-

0.040

%

Sulfur

S

-

0.030

%

Chromium

Cr

21.5

24.5

%

Nickel

Ni

3.0

5.5

%

Molybdenum

Mo

0.05

0.60

%

Nitrogen

N

0.05

0.20

%

Copper

Cu

0.05

0.60

%

Chemical Composition

View the chemical composition and applicable material limits for Duplex 2304 Round Bar

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The table shows the ASTM limits for UNS S32304. The EN grade 1.4362 is very close in EN 10088-3.

Chromium at 21.5–24.5% is the main source of corrosion resistance. Its high level makes up for the low molybdenum content and gives pitting resistance close to 316L in many waters. The PREN is about 24–26.

Nickel at 3.0–5.5% and nitrogen at 0.05–0.20% stabilise the austenite phase so that the structure stays balanced. Nitrogen also raises strength and helps pitting resistance. Carbon is kept at 0.030% maximum to avoid carbide precipitation during welding.

Molybdenum and copper are present in small amounts and add some resistance in mildly reducing acids. In 2304, manganese is limited to 2.5% and, with silicon, mainly serves deoxidation. The balanced chemistry is what gives the grade its mix of high strength and good stress corrosion resistance. On 2304 certificates, check chromium and nitrogen together, as they set its pitting resistance. Because molybdenum is low, the pitting resistance of 2304 depends mostly on chromium and nitrogen. Check both on the mill certificate, and ask for nitrogen near the middle of its range for demanding service.

Copper is limited to 0.05–0.60% and adds some resistance in reducing acid conditions.

Mechanical Properties for Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Mechanical Property

Value

Unit

Tensile Strength (ASTM A479, annealed)

≥ 600

MPa

Yield Strength 0.2% (ASTM A479, annealed)

≥ 400

MPa

Elongation in 50 mm (ASTM A479)

≥ 25

%

Hardness (ASTM A479)

≤ 290

HB

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Mechanical Properties

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The values shown are ASTM A479 minimum requirements for UNS S32304 in the solution-annealed condition. EN 10088-3 gives its own limits for 1.4362, which may differ slightly by size, so the ordered standard should be checked.

The yield strength of about 400 MPa minimum is roughly twice that of annealed 304L and 316L. This allows thinner or smaller parts for the same load. Ductility is good, and the material can be machined and formed with normal duplex practice.

Toughness is good at room temperature and at moderately low temperatures when the bar is correctly annealed. The grade is not intended for cryogenic service. Wrong heat treatment or long high-temperature exposure can lower toughness and corrosion resistance. For critical parts, add impact testing. Design with the minimum values and confirm results on the mill certificate. Compared with 316L, the higher yield strength of 2304 allows thinner sections, but the lower elongation means cold forming needs more force and larger bend radii. Plan forming and machining with this in mind.

When 2304 replaces 316L in an existing design, confirm that brackets, welds and threads can take the higher strength without redesign.

Dimension / Sizes for Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Dimension / Size

Value

Unit

Available Diameter Range (supply capability)

10–300

mm

Standard Length (random)

3–6

m

Custom / Cut-to-Length

Available on request

-

Diameter Tolerance

Per ASTM A484 / A484M (hot-finished or cold-finished class) or EN 10060 / EN 10278 h9-h11

-

Length Tolerance

Per ordered standard or as agreed (commonly +50 / -0 mm for cut lengths)

-

Straightness Tolerance

Per ASTM A484 / EN 10060 or as agreed

-

End Condition

Saw cut square, chamfered or as ordered

-

Surface Finish

Pickled, peeled, turned, centreless ground or polished

-

Dimensions & Sizes

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Pricing for Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar

Round Bar Prices are generally quoted per kilograms or meters tonnes and can fluctuate with the global raw material and market prices. The final price will depend on a variety of factors, including the grade size, diameter, length, surface finish, the quantity and whether the bars are cut to length or in standard lengths.

For smaller quantities,  we can also quote per metre or per piece basis once the required dimensions have been confirmed. Container-loads or orders that are larger in size are typically priced per tonne, based upon the specifications required and the supply conditions.

Please provide your desired dimensions, grades, length number, and end for a current quote including the lead time applicable and details for certification.

Pricing

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Why Choose Us

Euro Steel Bars is an international distributor, stockist and exporter of stainless round steel bars that cover carbon, stainless alloy, special grades. We stock a variety of sizes and grades. We guarantee every order with mill test certificates as well as full quality-assurance documentation. Our name speaks to our roots: European-sourced materials that is backed by the certificates and rigor that buyers from Asia as well as the Gulf and Africa are looking for.

Each bar we deliver is accompanied by EN 10204 3.1 mill test certificates as well as complete documentation of quality, so what you receive corresponds to what’s written in the documents. We carry a selection of sizes and grades ready for transport, and cut length upon the request of customers, which results in quicker lead times, whether you’re ordering just a one-off spec or a complete project tonnage.

We operate an actual wholesale business that is that is supported with an internationally-operated supply chain therefore we are able to serve fabricators sourcing one grade the same way in the same way as an EPC contractor who is placing a large order. Our clients include manufacturers, fabricators EPC construction companies, engineers oil and gas projects as well as construction companies. we design our inventory as well as documentation to show what buyers need to bring projects forward.

Our customers trust us across Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Jordan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Turkey, Italy and South Africa. If you’re looking to source an Gulf energy project, or a construction project within Southeast Asia, you get the same quality of certified material, the exact documentation, and the exact delivery procedure.

Frequently Asked Questions

Everything you should be aware of regarding Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 Round Bar from the grade and standards internationally, to the available sizes and finishes, requirements for manufacturing and application. This section will help buyers examine specifications and options for supply prior to making an inquiry or requesting a quote.
Duplex 2304 is a lean duplex stainless steel with a ferritic-austenitic microstructure. It combines good corrosion resistance with higher mechanical strength than many conventional austenitic stainless steels. 2304 is commonly used where buyers need a balance between performance and material cost without moving to higher-alloy duplex grades. It can be considered for applications involving general industrial, structural, chemical, and outdoor service conditions. When purchasing 2304 round bar, verify the grade designation, applicable ASTM/EN specification, dimensions, mechanical properties, surface condition, and certification requirements to ensure the material is suitable for the intended application.
Duplex 2304 round bars are available in different diameters and lengths, depending on the applicable specification, manufacturing process, and supplier availability. Smaller diameters may be used for machined components, while larger bars can be required for shafts, fasteners, valve parts, and other engineering applications. Standard stock sizes vary by supplier, and specific dimensions may be sourced against an order. When requesting a quotation, provide the diameter, length, quantity, dimensional tolerance, surface finish, grade, and applicable standard. If a project requires specific lengths, cut-to-size supply can also be considered where available.
Lean Duplex 2304 can be suitable when a project requires a combination of corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and cost control. It contains lower levels of expensive alloying elements than higher-alloy duplex grades, while still providing useful resistance to many industrial and atmospheric environments. It can be considered for applications such as tanks, structural components, chemical equipment, and general engineering. However, it should not automatically replace 2205 or other higher-alloy grades. Selection should consider chloride concentration, temperature, mechanical loads, corrosion requirements, welding, fabrication, and applicable design standards for the actual service environment.
“FDA approved” generally refers to a specific application, product, or regulatory compliance, rather than simply applying to a stainless steel grade. Duplex 2304 itself should not automatically be described as FDA approved. For equipment used in food, beverage, or pharmaceutical environments, buyers should verify the applicable FDA requirements, food-contact regulations, hygiene requirements, surface finish, fabrication practices, and supplier documentation for the finished product. If 2304 is being considered for a particular food-contact application, the buyer should confirm its suitability against the applicable regulatory and project requirements rather than relying only on the stainless steel grade designation.
Duplex 2304 can be suitable for many outdoor and atmospheric applications because it provides good resistance to general corrosion. Its duplex microstructure also gives it higher mechanical strength than many conventional austenitic stainless steels. However, outdoor suitability depends on the environment. Coastal locations, marine atmospheres, de-icing salts, industrial pollution, and areas with high chloride exposure can create more demanding corrosion conditions. Before selecting 2304 round bar for outdoor equipment or structures, consider the chloride level, humidity, temperature, surface condition, cleaning requirements, and expected service life. A higher-alloy grade may be required for more severe environments.
The price of Duplex Stainless Steel 2304 round bar depends on the diameter, length, quantity, specification, material condition, certification, surface finish, and delivery location. Alloying costs and market conditions can also affect the quotation. Because requirements vary, there is no single price that applies to every 2304 round bar. For an accurate quotation, provide the required grade, size, quantity, applicable standard, documentation requirements, and destination. Euro Steel Bars can review the requirement and provide sourcing and quotation support based on the specified material and delivery needs.
Yes. Duplex stainless steel is generally magnetic because its microstructure contains a ferritic phase. This differs from common austenitic stainless steels such as 304 and 316, which are generally considered non-magnetic in their annealed condition. Magnetism is therefore a normal characteristic of duplex stainless steel and does not by itself indicate a material problem. However, a magnet test cannot confirm whether a round bar is specifically Duplex 2304. Buyers should verify the material using the specified grade, chemical composition, heat number, Mill Test Certificate, and applicable inspection requirements.
Yes. Duplex stainless steel is fully recyclable through established stainless steel recycling systems. Its alloying elements can be recovered and reused in steel production, helping reduce the need for new raw materials. For industrial purchasing, however, recyclability is separate from material certification. A new Duplex 2304 round bar still needs to meet the required chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensions, material standard, and traceability requirements. Buyers should therefore consider both the material's recyclability and the documentation required for the application. Proper recycling at the end of service also helps recover valuable stainless steel alloy content.
Duplex stainless steel generally requires routine cleaning rather than complicated maintenance. Regularly removing dirt, chlorides, chemical deposits, and other contaminants helps maintain the corrosion-resistant surface. Avoid practices that can introduce carbon steel contamination, particularly during fabrication, storage, and handling. Suitable cleaning methods should be selected according to the environment and type of contamination. In coastal, marine, or chemical environments, more frequent inspection and cleaning may be necessary. Buyers should also follow the equipment manufacturer's maintenance procedure and ensure that fabrication, welding, pickling, passivation, and surface treatment are carried out using appropriate procedures.
Duplex stainless steel offers high strength and corrosion resistance, but it also has some fabrication considerations. Welding requires controlled heat input and suitable procedures to maintain the required ferritic-austenitic phase balance. Its higher strength can make machining and forming more demanding than some conventional austenitic stainless steels. Duplex grades may also have different availability and pricing depending on the required size and specification. For 2304, buyers should consider the complete application, including corrosion conditions, mechanical requirements, fabrication method, welding procedure, temperature, material availability, certification, and project standards, rather than evaluating the material on price alone.

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